Effects of extracellular vesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells on inflammatory responses and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells

Abstract

Background: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication and tissue regeneration. This study investigated their effects on inflammatory responses and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells.Methods: Bone marrow stromal cells were treated with extracellular vesicles isolated from cultured mesenchymal stem cells. Cell viability, inflammatory cytokine production, alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and osteogenic marker expression were subsequently evaluated.Results: Extracellular vesicle treatment reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation, with increased alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition.Conclusion: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles may promote a favorable microenvironment for bone regeneration through simultaneous modulation of inflammation and osteogenesis.